Influence Of Multiple Blended Binders On Engineering Properties And Durability Of Concrete

The influence of multiple blended binders in the forms of binary blended cement (BBC) and ternary blended cement (TBC) on the properties and performance of concrete is investigated. The mineral admixtures used are silica fume(SF), fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA). They are used to partly replace the cement by direct replacement method on mass-to-mass basis. The mix proportions of the concretes are kept nominally the same with constant water/binder ratio and the same superplasticizer content for all concrete mixes, so as to isolate the effect of each binder type. Most of the mineral admixtures used are abundantly available in the country and analyses performed indicate their compliance with standard specification requirements as pozzolan. They are used to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at replacement level of 0 (control mix) to 40% (TBC mix). Analyses on the binders also exhibit their compliance with standard specification requirements which are comparable to OPC. The engineering properties of the TBC concretes are generally comparable with those of OPC and better than OPC:FA BBC concrete when cured continuously in water. The durability performance of the TBC concrete exposed to air is found to be comparable to that OPC concrete. Nonetheless when exposed to sulphate and chloride environments the durability performance seems to be more effected in comparison to the OPC concrete. This could be due to the very early exposure to the aggressive environment

Properties of Controlled Low-Strength Material Mixes Made from Wastepaper Sludge Ash and Recycled Fine Aggregate

As demarcated in the American Concrete Institute (ACI 229R-13), CLSM stands for controlled low-strength material, which is a self-consolidating cementitious material that can be used as a backfill instead of compacted fill. However, the usage of CLSM in the construction industry was limited to backfilling, structural filling, void filling, and erosion control due to low compressive strength. On the other hand, using materials that can replace the material responsible for greenhouse gases has been promoted globally to halt the incidence of global warming instigated by releasing greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, into the atmosphere. Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) is one among them, and researchers have discovered that it can be used to substitute cement in the manufacture of CLSM effectively. In this research, CLSM were made using recycled fine aggregate (RFA) as fine aggregate and WPSA as cement replacement to determine the plastic and in-services properties of CLSM mixes made from both materials mentioned. For the plastic properties, the test included are flowability, bleeding and hardening test as for in-services properties, including the testing of density and compressive strength of CLSM produced. The testing of CLSM in terms of plastic and in-services properties was influenced by the water-to-cementitious ratio, WPSA replacement and total cementitious material. The flowability of CLSM is influenced by the amount of RFA and WPSA used in the design. The lower the water absorption, the more water will be absorbed and gives less bleeding. Therefore, different proportions of w/cm, WPSA replacement and total cementitious material of CLSM mixtures influence a product's plastic in-service properties. Its compressive strength was between 0.3 MPa to 4 MPa, which satisfied the backfill strength required by ACI 229R-13, and it can also be concluded that samples with higher cement content show higher compressive strength results than others

Water Treatment Sludge Stabilizer Binder by Waste Paper Sludge Ash for Solidification/Stabilisation Technique

Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) used as stabilizer binder to treat water treatment sludge (WTS). This study was conducted to treat WTS by using WPSA in Solidification/Stabilisation (S/S) technique. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of WPSA was utilized to treat 200g of WTS. 100% of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was used as control specimen. For testing, compressive strength and leaching test on WTS treated with WPSA at specified percentage were performed. It was experimentally done on sample cured at 1, 3, 7 and 28 ages for the compressive strength and at 28 ages for leaching test. Results showed that compressive strength decreases with increasing WPSA content. The immobilization of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) were monitored. The concentration of metals decreases with respect to percentage of WPSA added. The optimum content of WPSA to treat WTS was 50%

Dynamic mechanical properties of Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymer Composites (SMPC) with different volume fractions of chopped strand mat glass fiber

Polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) are comparatively low in modulus. Hence, there is a need for incorporation of chopped strand mat glass fibers as reinforcing materials for the development of SMP composites (SMPC). In this study, glass fibers in different volume fractions which are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% were used. The aim is to obtain the optimum volume fractions of glass fibers in SMPC based on the dynamic mechanical properties. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of the composite material. The dynamic parameters which reliance to temperature such as storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (Eâ€), damping factor (tan δ), glass transition temperature (Tg) values and others will gives the data regarding the adhesion of fiber-matrix of the composite material. The result shows that upon the addition of reinforcing fibers, an improvement in storage modulus was obtained. The tan δ peak value were decrease when the fiber volume fractions were increased, which confirming the reinforcing effectiveness of glass fibers in SMPC. It was also observed that the (Tg) increase upon the addition of reinforcing glass fibers. Summarizing, 15SMPC was chosen as the optimum volume fractions of glass fibers in SMPC. The parameter of the damping vibration demonstrates main significance for civil applications for building reliability and performance enhancement. Besides, it can foresee the impacts of temperature and time towards the polymer viscoelastic performance under various conditions. This study will provide several information to determine its functional application in future research

Effect of nano black rice husk ash on the chemical and physical properties of porous concrete pavement

Black rice husk is a waste from this agriculture industry. It has been found that majority inorganic element in rice husk is silica. In this study, the effect of Nano from black rice husk ash (BRHA) on the chemical and physical properties of concrete pavement was investigated. The BRHA produced from uncontrolled burning at rice factory was taken. It was then been ground using laboratory mill with steel balls and steel rods. Four different grinding grades of BRHA were examined. A rice husk ash dosage of 10% by weight of binder was used throughout the experiments. The chemical and physical properties of the Nano BRHA mixtures were evaluated using fineness test, X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the compressive strength test was used to evaluate the performance of porous concrete pavement. Generally, the results show that the optimum grinding time was 63 hours. The result also indicated that the use of Nano black rice husk ash ground for 63hours produced concrete with good strengt

Analysis of Air Flow, Air and Fuel Induction for Internal Combustion Engine

In an internal combustion engine, performance, efficiency and emission formation depends on the formation of air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder. The fluid flow dynamics plays an important role for air-fuel mixture preparation to obtain the better engine combustion, performance and efficiency. This review article discuss the rotating flow (swirl and tumble) in premixed spark-ignition engine and its effect on turbulence generation and flame propagation. Rotating flow can substantially increase turbulence intensity for the duration of the combustion period. This review paper discusses the in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow that affects air induction during the combustion process in internal combustion engine. Alternatively, this study using computer simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamic, CFD) which offer the opportunity to carry out repetitive parameter studies. An integration-type flowmeter (IFM) also has been used which consists of ultrasonic flowmeter, that integrates the flowrate during the intake process, gives accurate measurements regardless of sampling time and frequency. Research parameter in this study was swirl and tumble that represents the fluid flow behavior occurred inside combustion chamber. Fuel injection and air mass also were the important parameters that have been discussed about in air induction process.  The results obtain from the numerical analysis can be employed to examine the homogeneity of air-fuel mixture structure for better combustion process and engine performance

Investigation The Influences of Electric Motor and Electric Go Kart Performance

This researcher focused at every type of electric motor and every force applied to a go kart. The goal of this research is to choose a prototype of an electric motor drive mechanism and test its performance on an electric go-kart. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to establish the power requirements of an Electric Go-Kart, as well as its specific motion capabilities and performance specifications factors, in order to access the performance of the Electric Go-Kart motion. The benefit of developed electric go kart is to help decrease the pollution emitted and as a substitute to the typical combustion engine vehicle. However, due to its high congestion and pollution issue, a pollution with free vehicle created. In the first phase of the project, the researcher surveyed information related to the typical of electric motor that use in electric go kart. The second phase of the project is mainly on calculating the forces acted on the Electric Go Kart itself. Three main factor of movement behavior on go kart determined rolling resistance 54.88N, air resistance 28.4N and force gravity going uphill 552.98N. After that, the researcher selects drive system components with required specifications. The Brushless DC Motor was selected with 2000W 48V whose maximum output torque is 27.6Nm. Towards the end phase of the project, the electric go kart prototype was developed with actual size of go kart 1.94m length, 1.4m width and 0.5m height. Electric motor was analyzed on the motor speed, torque and power to make sure that the performance was approximately the set specifications. In conclusion, the project was success and it can produce a good performance at the go kart

The Effect of Na2SO4 and NaCl Solutions on the Moisture Movement of Fired Clay Masonry Wall

The influence of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride exposures on the moisture movement of masonry systems has been investigated. The investigation involved the measurement of moisture movement of single leaf masonry wall which were built with fired clay bricks in conjunction with grade (iii) mortar with proportions of 1: 1: 6 (OPC: lime: sand).  After being constructed, the masonry walls were cured under polythene sheet for 14 days in a controlled room with temperature of 25 ± 2ºC and 80 ± 5% relative humidity.  They were then exposed to sodium sulphate and sodium chloride solutions at different concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. The moisture movement was monitored up to 210 days.  The moisture movement was also measured on the unbonded bricks and mortar prism so that the contribution of brick and mortar on the moisture movement of the masonry walls could be quantified. As a result, after the period of exposure to the soluble salt conditions, large expansion was observed in particular case of sulphate exposure. The composite model underestimated the moisture movement of fired clay masonry walls which were exposed to the soluble salts

Strength properties of rice husk ash concrete under sodium sulphate attack

The use of pozzolanic materials in concrete provides several advantages, such as improved strength and durability. This study investigated the strength properties of rice husk ash (RHA) concrete under severe durability (sodium sulphate attack). Four RHA replacement levels were considered in the study: 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement. The durability performance of the RHA blended cement exposed to sodium sulphate solution was evaluated through compressive strength, reduction in strength, and weight loss. Test results showed that RHA can be satisfactorily used as a cement replacement material in order to increase the durability of concrete. Concrete containing 10% and 20% of RHA replacements showed excellent durability to sulphate attack. The results also indicate that the amount of Ca(OH)2 in the RHA blended cement concrete was lower than that of Portland cement due to the pozzolanic reaction of RH

A Review on Potential use of Coal Bottom Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material in Sustainable Concrete Construction

The demand of concrete is increased rapidly due to worldwide growth in infrastructural development. Consequently, consumption of concrete also raises the demand for Portland cement, because it is the fundamental material in concrete construction. The increasing demand for Portland cement is expected to be encountered by introducing new supplementary cementing materials. Considering the sustainability of construction, it is imperative to develop supplementary cementing materials from the industrial waste by-products; one of such waste is the coal bottom ash, produced by coal-based thermal power plants. Previously several studies have been conducted on the utilization of coal bottom ash in its original form as natural sand replacement but limited research has been reported on the coal bottom ash as replacement of cement. It was observed through the literature review that the original coal bottom ash is porous in nature, and cannot be used as a replacement of cement, but after the proper grinding, it possesses the good pozzolanic property and could be utilized as replacement of cement in concrete. The result of this review has indicated that ground coal bottom ash has a good potential to be utilized as supplementary cementing materials in concrete construction. The aim of this review is to summarize the previous findings on the utilization of coal bottom ash as supplementary cementing materials in concrete construction. Hence, this article will deliver the key information and valuable material for the researchers looking for the supplementary cementing materials in the field of advanced concrete technology